Leukemia

Disease Leukemia (Blood Cancer)

Leukemia (blood cancer) is a type of cancer that attacks white blood cells produced by bone marrow (bone marrow). Bone marrow or bone marrow in the human body produces three types of blood cells including white blood cell (functioning as an endurance fight infection), red blood cell (function to bring oxygen into the body) and platelets (small part of blood cells that help blood clotting process ).

Leukemia is generally appear in person since the days his small, bone marrow without clear cause has been producing white blood cells do not develop normal or abnormal. Normally, white blood cells to repeated reproduction when the body needs it or no room for the blood cell itself. The human body will give signs / signals when will regularly blood cell-reproduction is expected to be back.

In cases of leukemia (blood cancer), white blood cells do not respond to the sign / signal is given. Finally, uncontrolled excessive production (abnormal) will exit from the bone marrow and can be found in the peripheral blood or peripheral blood. The number of abnormal white blood cells of this excessive amount can disrupt the normal function of other cells, Someone with this condition (leukemia) will show some symptoms such as susceptible to infectious diseases, anemia and bleeding.

Acute Leukemia and Chronic Disease

Acute leukemia is marked by a very rapid course of the disease, deadly, and worse. If this is not treated immediately, it can cause death within weeks to days. While chronic leukemia have a disease that does not travel so quickly that it has a longer life expectancy, up to more than one year.

Classified by type of leukemia cells

When the audit reveals that affects lymphocyte leukemia or lymphoid cells, it is called lymphocytic leukemia. While the leukemia that affects cells such as neutrophils mieloid, basofil, and eosinophils, called chronic myelogenous leukemia.

From this classification, the Leukemia is divided into four types of designation;
1. Acute lymphocytic leukemia (lla). Is the most common type of leukemia in children. The disease is also found in adults who primarily have been aged 65 years or older.
2. Acute myelogenous leukemia (LMA). It is more common in adults than children. This type formerly called nonlimfositik acute leukemia.
3. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (LLK). This is often suffered by adults older than 55 years. Sometimes also suffered by young adults, and almost none in children.
4. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) often occurs in adults. Can also occur in children, but very little.

Disease Causes Leukemia

Until now the cause of leukemia is not known with certainty, but there are several factors affecting the frequency of occurrence of leukemia.
1. Radiation. This is supported by some reports from some studies that deal with cases of leukemia that radiology staff more often suffering from leukemia, Penerita with radiotherapy more often suffering from leukemia, leukemia incidence was found in atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.

2. Leukemogenik. Several chemicals have been identified are reported can affect the frequency of leukemia, eg environmental toxins such as benzene, a chemical such as insecticide inustri, drugs used for chemotherapy.

3. Hereditary. Down Syndrome sufferers have an acute leukemia incidence 20 times greater than normal people.

4. Viruses. Some types of viruses can cause leukemia, such as retroviruses, feline leukemia virus, HTLV-1 in adults.

Signs and Symptoms of Leukemia Disease

Leukemia Symptoms are generally caused differ between the patients, however, can generally be described as follows:
1. Anemia. Patients will quickly appeared tired, pale and breathing fast (red blood cells below normal causing less oxygen in the body, resulting in the patient breathes faster to compensate for the fulfillment of oxygen deficiency in the body).

2. Bleeding. When Platelets (blood clotting cells) are not produced naturally as dominated by white blood cells, then the patient will experience bleeding skin dijaringan (number of larvae wide red / dijaringan little skin).

3. Esophageal infection. White blood cells act as protective immunity, especially against infectious diseases. In Leukemia Patients, white blood cells diterbentuk is not normal (abnormal) so can not work properly. As a result the body of the patient vulnerable to viral infection or bacteria, even by itself will reveal the existence of a complaint of fever, white-out fluid from the nose (runny) and cough.

4. Bones and Joints Pain. This is caused as a result of bone marrow (bone marrow) urged by the solid white blood cells.

5. Stomach pain. Abdominal pain is also one indication of the symptoms of leukemia, where the leukemia cells may collect in kidney, liver and bile that causes enlargement of these organs and emerge the pain. This may cause abdominal pain loss of appetite patients with leukemia.

6. Swollen Glands Lympa. Patients likely to experience swelling of the glands lympa, whether it is under the arm, neck, chest and others. Lympa duty gland filter blood, leukemia cells can be collected here and cause swelling.

7. Difficulty breathing (dyspnea). Patients may exhibit symptoms of difficulty breathing and chest pain, if this happens it should immediately get medical help.

Disease Diagnosis Leukemia (Blood Cancer)

Leukaemia disease can be ascertained with some checks, such as; biopsy, Blood tests (complete blood count (CBC)), CT or CAT scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-ray, Ultrasound, Spinal tap / lumbar puncture.

Handling and Treatment of Leukemia

Handling cases of leukemia disease usually starts from the symptoms that arise, such as anemia, bleeding and infection. Broadly speaking the handling and treatment of leukemia can be done by a single or a combination of several methods below:

1. Chemotherapy / intrathecal medications
2. Radiation Therapy. This method is rarely used
3. Bone marrow transplantation (bone marrow)
4. Provision of drugs and hypodermic tablets
5. Transfusion of red blood cells or platelets.

Therapy systems that are often used in dealing with patients with leukemia is a combination of chemotherapy (chemotherapy) and the provision of drugs that focuses on the dismissal of production of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow. Next is the treatment of some symptoms and signs have been displayed by the patient's body to monitor komprehensiv

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Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer




What is breast cancer?

If at some places in our body there are cells which growth is excessive, there will be a lump or tumor. These tumors can be benign or malignant. A malignant tumor is called cancer. Malignant tumors have unique properties, which can spread to other parts of the body to develop into new tumors. The spread is called metastases. Cancers have different characteristics. There is growing rapidly, there is growing not too fast, such as breast cancer.

The first breast cancer cells can grow into tumors of 1 cm at the time of 8-12 years. Cancer cells are silent on the breast gland. Breast cancer cells can spread via the bloodstream throughout the body. When the spread is going on, we do not know. Breast cancer cells can hide inside our bodies for years without the owner knowing, and active suddenly becomes a malignant tumor or cancer.

Cancer development

Stage 1 (early stage)

Tumor size of not more than 2 to 2.25 cm, and there is no spread (metastases) in axillary lymph nodes. At this stage I, the possibility of cure is 70% perfect. To check for the presence or absence of metastases to other parts of the body, must be examined in the laboratory.

Stadium 2

The tumor was larger than 2.25 cm and metastases have occurred in the lymph nodes in the armpit. At this stage, it is possible to recover only 30-40% depending on the extent of the spread of cancer cells. In stage I and II are usually performed surgery to remove cancer cells that exist in all parts of the deployment, and after irradiation to ensure operations are conducted no more cancer cells left behind.

Stage 3

The tumor was quite large, cancerous cells have spread throughout the body, and the possibility to live a little better. Breast treatment had no meaning anymore. Radiation treatment is usually only performed and chemotherapie (administration of drugs that can kill cancer cells). Sometimes also performed surgery to remove the breast that has been severe. This business is only to inhibit cancer cell growth process in the body and to alleviate the suffering of patients as closely as possible.

Early prevention

Needs to be known, that 9 out of 10 women found a lump in her breast. For early prevention, can be done independently. Examination should be done after completion of menstruation. Before menstruation, breast, slightly swollen making it difficult for the examination. How to check are as follows:

* Stand in front of the mirror and see if there are abnormalities in the breast. Usually the two are not the same breast, her nipples are also not located at the same altitude. Notice if there are wrinkles, indentations, or drawn into the nipple. If there are abnormalities that or out of fluid or blood from the nipple, immediately went to the doctor.
* Put your arms above your head and look back to two breasts.
* Bend the body until the breasts hanging down, and check again.
* Lie down on the bed and place your left hand behind his head, and a pillow under your left shoulder. Touch the left breast with your right fingers. Check if there are lumps in the breast. Then check whether there is a lump or swelling in the left armpit.
* Check and Touch the nipple and surrounding areas. In general, when palpable mammary glands with the flat of your fingers will feel rubbery and easily moved. If there was a tumor, it will feel hard and can not be driven (can not be moved from its place). When you feel there is a bump of 1 cm or more, immediately went to the doctor. The more premature treatment, the more likely to recover completely
* Do the same for breast and right armpit.

Treatment of advanced-

When found the lump, the doctor usually will recommend mammografie examination. Mammografie is a breast examination by means of x-ray examination and are a simple way, not sick, and only take 50-10 minutes. The best time for tests mammografie is a week after menstruation. The trick is to put the breast in turn between two sheets of the base, then x-rays made from top to bottom, then from left to right. The result of these photos will be reviewed by a radiologist physicians. A lump of 0.25 cm can already be seen on mammogram.

The other way is with a small operation to retrieve a sample of tissue (biopsy) from the lump, and then examined under a microscope anatomic pathology laboratory. When known and ascertained that the lump is cancerous, then the breast should be removed entirely to avoid spreading to other parts of the body.

Who should undergo examination mammografie?

* Women who are older than 50 years.
* Women who have a mother or sister had breast cancer.
* Women who had undergone removal of one of her breasts. Women in this group must be in strict control.
* Women who never bear children. It was found that this type of breast cancer is common assault.

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Cancer research

Cancer research is a lot of scientific effort to understand disease processes engaged and discover possible therapies. Although the understanding of cancer has grown by exhibitor since the last decade of the 20th century, radically new therapies discovered and introduced only gradually.

Tyrosine kinases inhibitors (imatinib and gefitinib) in the late 1990s is considered a major breakthrough, they interfere primarily with the tumor-specific proteins. Monoclonal antibodies have proved a major step forward in oncological care.

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Cancer in adults

Cancer in adults

In the United States and some other developing countries, cancer is now responsible for about 25% of all deaths. Within a year, about 0.5% of the population diagnosed with cancer.

In adult men in the United States, the most common cancer is prostate cancer (33% of all cancer cases), lung cancer (13%), cancer of the colon and rectum (10%), bladder cancer (7%), and "cutaneous melanoma (5%). As a leading cause of death from lung cancer is the most common (31%), followed by prostate cancer (10%), cancer of the colon and rectum (10%), pancreatic cancer (5%) and leukemia (4%).

For adult women in the United States, breast cancer is the most common cancer (32% of all cancer cases), followed by lung cancer (12%), cancer of the colon and rectum (11%), endometrial cancer (6%, uterus ) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (4%). Based on the cases of death, lung cancer, the most common (27% of cancer deaths), followed by breast cancer (15%), cancer of the colon and rectum (10%), ovarian cancer (6%), and pancreatic cancer (6% ).

Statistics can be great variation in other countries. In Indonesia, the cancer became the third largest contributor of death after heart disease. According to a Ministry of Health of Indonesia, the leading cause of cancer in these countries is an unhealthy lifestyle, such as lack of exercise, smoking, and eating patterns are not sehat.Menurut Dr. Anton Muhibuddin, researchers at UB, the growth of cancer can be overcome with adequate nutrition so that the supply of information to the brain is not obstructed. In plants, the cancer is a disease caused by a type of fungus / bacteria tertantu. Patterns of plant invasions and kaner cancer in humans is very different.

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Cancer Diagnosis

Cancer Diagnosis

Most of the cancers identified by signs or symptoms appear or through screening. These methods are not leading to a clear diagnosis, which usually requires a biopsy. Some cancers discovered accidentally during medical evaluation of unrelated problems.

Because cancer can also be caused by methylation at specific gene promoters, so early detection can be done by testing the genes into biomarkers for cancer. Some types of cancer have been known to his status of methylation biomarkers. For example for breast cancer BRCA biomarkers can be used, whereas for colorectal cancer biomarkers can use Sox17.

Early detection is very important. In some cancers such as colorectal cancer if found early opportunities for greater recovery. In addition, early detection can make it easier for doctors to give appropriate treatment.

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The formation of cancer cells

The formation of cancer cells



The conditions that can cause changes in normal cells into cancer cells is hyperplasia, dysplasia, and neoplasia. Hyperplasia is a condition when normal cells in the network grows in abundance. Dysplasia is a condition when the cells grow abnormally and are generally seen a change in the nucleus. At this stage the nucleus size varies, increased mitotic activity, and there is no typical cytoplasm associated with cell differentiation in the network. Neoplasia is a condition of cells in tissues that had proliferated abnormally and invasive properties.

Carcinogenesis in humans is a tiered process as a result of exposure to a carcinogen that is often encountered in the environment, throughout life, either through consumption or infections. There are four levels of carcinogenesis:

* The initiation of tumor
* Promotion tumor
* Conversion of malignant
* Progression tumor

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Blogger Buzz: Show off your Followers

Blogger Buzz: Show off your Followers

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The characteristics of cancer cells

Cancer tissue has a very distinctive morphological features when observed with a microscope. Among a large number of natural cell mitosis, variations in the number and size of the nucleus, variations in size and shape of cells, there were no distinctive features of cellular, mobile coordination does not occur commonly seen in normal tissue and there is no clear boundary network.

Immunohistochemistry and other molecular methods used to find the morphological characteristics typical of cancer cells / tumors, as the referral diagnosis and prognosis.

Hahn and colleagues used an ectopic expression of telomerase reverse-transcriptase combination with h-ras oncogene and SV40 T antigen of the virus to induce the conversion tumorigenik on fibroblast cells and human epithelial cells, which occurs due to disruption of intracellular metabolic path. Phenotype characteristic of cancer cells after undergoing a transformation from normal cells, among others:

Transformation in vitro

* There was cytological changes such as in cancer cells in vivo, such as increased cytoplasmic basofilia, increasing the number and size of the nuclei
* Changes in cell growth characteristics:

@. difficult to have undergone differentiation to death despite repeated
@. grow that will not stop running, although it has been squeezed by the surrounding cells, so that cancer tissue has a high density
@. serum and growth factors requires fewer
@. no longer needs to reproduce the interface layer, and can grow as colonies free in the semi-solid medium.
@. has no control over the cell cycle
@. difficult to undergo apoptosis

* Changes in the structure and function of cell membranes, including the increase due to lectin herbal aglutinabilitas
* Changes in the composition of the interface cell, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, glikolipid and mucin, tumorik antigen expression and increased absorption of amino acids and nucleosides heksos.
* No interaction matrix cells and cell-extracellular, so there is no decrease in the rate of differentiation
* Cancer cells do not respond to stimulation of substances that induce differentiation, because the interface changes the composition of cells, including the molecular composition of substances pencerap concerned.
* Changes in cellular signal transduction mechanisms, including the trajectories are very fundamental, in addition to regulations that control the trajectory pencerap function of growth factors, levels of phosphorylation and defosforilasi.
* The ability to induce tumors in the model. This capability is a sine qua non which defines the word "malignant" in transformation in vitro. However, cancer cells that do not have this ability, still has character "tumorigenik" on other models.

Transformation in vivo

* Increased expression of oncogene protein as a result of translocations, amplification and mutation of chromosomes.
* There was no protein expression of the gene "tumor suppressor".
* Changes in DNA methylation.
* There is a transcription of the genetic disorders that cause overproduction of growth supporting substances, such as IGF-2, TGF-α, tumor angiogenesis factor, PDGF, and hematopoietic growth factors such as CSF and interleukin.
* There was no genetic balance, which becomes increasingly uncontrolled proliferation, increased the likelihood of metastasis.
* Changes in enzyme patterns and increased enzymes that play a role in the synthesis of nucleic acids and enzymes that are lytic, such as protease, collagenase and glycosidase.
* Production onkofetal antigens, such antigens plasentis karsinoembrionik and hormones (eg, chorionic gonadotropin), or such Isozyme alkalina plasentis phosphatase.
* The ability to avoid the host antitumor response.

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cancer

Cancer (English: malignant neoplasm) is a group of diseases characterized by typical cell cycle abnormalities that cause the cells ability to:

* Attacked the nearby biological tissue.
* Migrate to other body tissues through blood circulation or lymphatic system, called metastasis.

Abnormalities of the cell cycle, among other things, upon the passage:

* G1 phase into S phase [1]

In general, cancer cells form a tumor, but, like leukemia, do not.

Uncontrolled growth is caused by damage to DNA, causing mutations in vital genes that control cell division. Some fruit mutation may be required to change normal cells into cancer cells. These mutations are often caused by chemical or physical agents called carcinogens. Mutations can occur spontaneously (obtained) or inherited (germline mutations). Cancer can cause many different symptoms, depending on its location and character of the malignancy and whether there is metastasis. A decisive diagnosis usually requires microscopic examination of tissue obtained by biopsy. Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation.

If untreated, most cancers cause death, cancer is one of the main causes of death in developing countries. Most cancers can be treated and many cured, especially if treatment starts early. Many forms of cancer associated with environmental factors that could have been avoided. Tobacco smoking can cause cancer than many other environmental factors.

Tumors (Latin; swelling) appoint an abnormal tissue mass, but can be a "malignant" (cancerous) or "benign" (not cancerous). Only malignant tumors are capable of attacking other networks or metastasize. Cancer can spread through the lymph nodes or blood vessels to other organs.

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cancer

Welcome to cancer

Cancer is the growth of abnormal cells (grown very fast and uncontrolled), infiltrate, suppress the body's tissues so as to affect organ function. There are more than 100 types of cancer are unknown. The most common is breast cancer, lung cancer, skin cancer, colon cancer and prostate cancer. This site seeks to provide information about various cancers, symptoms, treatment options, and other things that need to be public knowledge. Including on how to live with cancer.

What is Chemotherapy? Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment with chemical substances (drugs). Chemotherapy aims to stop the growth of cancer cells that are not under control, kill or prevent the cancer cells spread to other places.

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